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佐藤栄作 受賞論文集

lobbying, framing of issues as wider global or human concerns and public mobilizationover these, and plentiful funding. Seven types of NGO activities relating to negotiationare identified: problem definition, agenda setting, and goal setting; enforcementof principles and norms; provision of information and expertise; public advocacyand mobilization; lobbying; direct participation in the formulation of internationalagreements; and monitoring and other assistance with compliance. Despite theincreased presence and activism of NGOs on the international stage, however, theirparticipation in negotiating meetings remains largely unofficial, ad-hoc, or subjected tothe preferences of national governments. A principled and cautious expansion of theopportunities for NGOs to participate in international negotiations could enhance theeffectiveness and legitimacy of their outcomes.Many NGOs are active in the field of protection of minorities and minority rights.They include MRG, the International Helsinki Federation, the International Servicefor Human Rights, Amnesty International Human Rights Watch, the InternationalFederation of Human Rights, and the International Human Rights Law Group. NGOsplay a crucial role in all aspects of the UN human rights programme. 27As per theGlobal Rights, a non-governmental organization in special consultative status, nongovernmentalorganizations have contributed significantly to the United Nations'human rights system since the world body’s creation. 28Because of NGO efforts,new experts have been appointed, working groups Convened and reports produced.Among other things, NGOs were active in lobbying for human rights language tobe included in the United Nations Charter. They pushed for the establishment ofa Commission on Human Rights, the post of High Commissioner for Human Rights,Working Groups on Disappearance and Detention, the Declaration on Human Rights90627 ?Gudmundur Alfredsson, Erika Ferrer, Minority Rights: A guide to United Nations Procedures and Institutions,MinorityRightsGroup&RaoulWallenbergInstituteofHumanRightsandHumanitarianLaw,1998.28 ?Written statement submitted by Global Rights, a non-governmental organization in special consultative statuswww.globalrights.org/site/DocServer/HR_Council_statement.final.pdf