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佐藤栄作 受賞論文集

第25回優秀賞of HIV/AIDS and other illnesses. While on the surface, this trend to urbanization andconcentration of youth in cities can appear as a threat to stability, it also offers hugeopportunities for the whole community. Urban youth, in the words of one expert,“constitute a largely untapped resource for ingenuity, stability, and economic growth”(Sommers 2003: 1).The factors driving young people to live in the cities are multi-faceted and complexbut it is a powerful and inevitable trend, and evidence shows programs which aimto reverse the trend by simply promoting investment in rural areas are destined tofail (Sommers 2003:11). This is not to say that rural areas should be abandoned, orthat they are not central to future sustainable development, 4but any UN programto challenge poverty by harnessing the energies of youth needs to recognize thedemographic trend to urbanization and the positive outcomes that can be fostered.Moreover, as the UN World Youth Report 2007 makes clear, unemployment insub-Saharan Africa is more severe in urban areas and gender disparities are oftenmore pronounced in the cities (United Nations 2007: 96-8). While generating accuratestatistical data is difficult, recent studies indicate that young people represent betweenforty and seventy-five percent of the urban unemployed in many African countries.These high proportions increase the chances of risky behavior including the chance ofcontracting HIV/AIDS and engaging in violent behavior (Chigunta et al. 2005: 2). Thecauses of unemployment are multiple, and include poor economic conditions, lack ofrelevant skills, poor education systems, and the breakdown of traditional mentoringyouth structures (United Nations 2007: 5-6). This combination of factors make itdifficult to conceive of the success of programs which focus solely on helping youth togainemploymentintheformaleconomicsector.4 Indeed there are important UN initiatives in Africa that focus on rural youth employment (see Munive and Lakovits,2006).711