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佐藤栄作 受賞論文集

第25回最優秀賞to essential health care is at best 49 percent, life expectancy at birth lies around 50years, people face a high risk of major infectious diseases and the average literacyrate is only 50 percent 59 60 . Moreover, poverty is widespread, with an estimated 60-75%of the population in the North and 90% in the South living below the official povertyline 61 of less than one U.S. dollar a day 62 According to Reeves, a Sudan researcherand analyst, the country is a‘profoundly failed state by any standards other than theeconomy of Khartoum and the immediate region’63 .Since its independence from Britain in 1956, military regimes favoring Islamicorientedgovernments have dominated Sudanese national politics. The British placedthe country’s civil service and administration in Northern hands, thereby failing toensure equity for both the North and the South in state affairs 64 . As a result of theNorthern economic, political and social domination of the largely non-Muslim, non-ArabSouth, two long civil wars erupted (1955-1972 and 1983-2005) that caused enormoussuffering 65 . In 2004, according to Reuters, up to 30 armed groups existed withinSudanese borders 66 . The North-South conflict‘ended’in 2005 with a peace agreementbetween the Southern rebels and the Khartoum government, which transferredroughly half of Sudan’s oil wealth to the South and granted it virtual autonomy andthe right to secede after six years 67 . Yet while the deal defused the immediate crisis,many obstacles continue to threaten the agreement’s successful implementation, suchas border disputes over the oil-rich Abyei region. Furthermore, the dreadful situationin Darfur and rebellion in Eastern Sudan continue to undermine the country’s stability.Both the rebels from the South, the East and those in Darfur state that their59 CIA.“Sudan”. The World Factbook 2008.60ReutersAlertNet.“Sudan”.ReutersFoundation,2004.61 The poverty line is the minimum level of income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living in agiven country (About Inc, 2008).62 UNDP.“Achieving the MDGs and Reducing Human Poverty”. United Nations Development Programme, 2009.63 Reuters AlertNet.“Analysis: Sudan a Failed State?”. Reuters Foundation, 2007.64 Global Security.“Sudan ? First Civil War”. Global Security, 2009.65 CIA.“Sudan”. The World Factbook 2008.66 Reuters AlertNet.“Sudan”. Reuters Foundation, 2004.67 InfoPlease.“Sudan”. High Beam Research, 2005.653