ブックタイトル佐藤栄作　受賞論文集

概要

佐藤栄作　受賞論文集

The Importance of InstitutionsIn order for a state to successfully develop, the existence of an appropriateinstitutional framework appears to be crucial 20 . Institutions are‘the rules of the gamein a society, or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape humaninteraction’21 . These rules guide people’s behavior and choices in the public sphere 22 .They can be either formal, such as constitutions, laws, property rights and regulations,or informal, e.g. customs, traditions and taboos 23 . In poor countries, where formalinstitutions are less developed because the state is either incapable or unwilling to doso, people rely primarily on informal rules to regulate their daily lives and on informalinstitutions (e.g. personal networks) to get support when needed 24 . Institutions thusboth signify the rules by which a society functions, and the actual organizationalstructure that puts those rules into practice. Institutions are important because theystructure incentives in human behavior; they cause individuals to behave in a certainway. When people expect shame, loss of opportunity or punishment to result fromcertain actions, they are facing an incentive to not engage in such activities. Incentivesare being created both by formal and informal institutions 25 .History has proven that formal institutions are indispensable for economicdevelopment. In Europe, the establishment of rational-legal state institutions was theprimary condition for development. The authority of ruling regimes came to be tiedto legal rationality, legal legitimacy and bureaucracy 26 . South Korea, whose economicbase is characterized by patrimonialism, would not have been able to developwithout regulatory institutions overseeing conduct in goods, services, labor, assets64620 Fosu et al.“Institutions, Governance and Economic Development in Africa: An Overview”. Journal of AfricanEconomicsVol.15,2006,p.2.21 North, D.C. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1990,p.3-5.22 Hyden, G.“Institutions, Power and Policy Outcomes in Africa”. The Africa Power and Politics Programme [APPP],DiscussionPaperNo.2,2008,p.3.23 Jutting, J.“Institutions and Development: A Critical Review”. OECD Development Centre, Working Paper No. 210,2003,p.11.24 Ibid., p.11.25 Palmer, T.G.“The Role of Institutions and Law in Economic Development”. The CATO Institute 2004, p.2-3.26 NationMaster Encyclopedia.“Legal Authority”. 2009.