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佐藤栄作 受賞論文集

Tal, 2000, etc.)have concluded that peace/coexistence education has rarely beenconducted in the Middle East. Moreover, little is known about how school textbooks inthe Arab countries deal with the conflict and the peace process in the Middle East.Al-Haj(1995), the head of the Center for Educational Research at the Universityof Haifa in Israel, states that there are two approaches to education in the Middle East.The positivist approach and the conflict approach. Education dealing with a conflictis seldom seen positively and neutrally. As Table 1 shows, education in the conflictapproach has a significant role in the society to control and becomes an effectivetool for politics. In this approach, school textbooks can be used by a government toshare knowledge and values in the society based on its political point of view. Schooltextbooks teach information and knowledge with great authority. In addition, teachersdepend on the contents of textbooks and abide by the curriculum which is madeby the government. Therefore, the influence that school textbooks obtain is great.Unfortunately, the Palestinian Authority and Israel mostly use this approach.SchoolsEducationThe positivist approachSchools are neutral institutions ofsocialization and allocation.Education is a means for economicdevelopment and social change(socialstratification).Helps to select and train the elite andthe political leadership(life chances).The conflict approachSchools are under state control andpower relations in the wide society areshaping school practice and content.Education is a mechanism of socialcontrol that is used by dominant groupsas an effective tool for controllingcultural and economic resourcesTable 1 Approaches to schools and education(Al-Haj, 1995)From the perspective of the conflict approach, Freire(1985)stated that:It is not education that molds society to certain standards, but society that formsitself by its own standards and molds education to conform with those valuesthat sustain it. Since this is not a mechanical process, a society that structures134