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佐藤栄作 受賞論文集

第29回奨励賞(iii) Responsibility to ProtectScholars and policy makers have been trying to find a solution for the problemsdiscussed above. Sponsored by Canada, the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) doctrinehas been developed by noted scholars and diplomats, such as Gareth Evans orMohammad Sahnoun. Firstly, the doctrine shifts the sovereignty vs. human rightsdebate to the idea of‘sovereign responsibility,’9a state’s obligation to protect itscitizens from every kind of hazard starting from armed conflict to natural disasters.It gives the state the primary responsibility for its citizens’safety but calls foralternatives if the state fails to fulfil this obligation. Secondly, by making theprotection of civilians a responsibility, it implicitly obliges the international communityto intervene when it is necessary. By doing so it tries to prevent some states blockingintervention when it is needed. In short, it argues that the international communityhas a responsibility rather than a right to intervene.On the 2005 World Summit the responsibility to protect doctrine was successfullyintegrated into the Outcome Document (WSOD). Under paragraph 138“eachindividual State has the responsibility to protect its populations from genocide, warcrimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity”10and paragraph 139 statesthat:“we are prepared to take collective action, in a timely and decisive manner,through the Security Council, in accordance with the Charter, including ChapterVII, on a case-by-case basis and in cooperation with relevant regional organizationsas appropriate, should peaceful means be inadequate and national authoritiesmanifestly fail to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic9 (International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, 2001)10 (World Summit Outcome, 2005)1069