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佐藤栄作論文集9~16

Definition of PeaceConventionally speaking, the word“peace”is used in close connections with nonexistenceof armed conflict. However, the end of the East-West friction has revealeda number of new security-menacing factors that had been previously consideredsecondary to politico-military ones. These include, inter alia, economic disparities,drought, movement of refugees, human rights violations and environmentaldegradation. In addition, previously suppressed factors such as nationalism andethnocentricism have regained their potency. This suggests that it is essential for theanalysis of the concept of peace to include both politico-military and socio-economicfactors so as to address newly emerging problems. Only with the two componentscombined can peace be properly conceptualised.The new predicaments for peace affect individual lives differently. Thus, in orderto represent the multiplicity of the problems confronting the world, one should lookat how an individual would be affected by the existence of peace or lack thereof. Theattempt to place importance on an individual as a derivative benefactor and recipientof peace finds its parallel in the field of classical economics. According to the theoryof Parato optimality, in a competitive economy, economic optimality is defined as thesituation where no person’s well-being can be further improved unless someone elseis harmed. 1If the optimal situation was understood as the state of peace, one coulddefine peace as an environment where an individual has options as varied as possibleand is free to choose any of them within his/her own capacity and capability so as tooptimise his/her own satisfaction without making others worse off.The above definition intrinsically contains two distinctive yet interdependent parts,namely socio-economic and politico-military components. During the time of bipolarrivalry, the latter component played the major role in formulating policies towards1241 Edgar K. Browning and Jacquelene M. Browning, Microeconomic Theory and Applications,(Glenview, Illinois: Scott,Foresman and Company, 1989): 143-164.