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stagesofresearch.Inthisconnection,Onecantakeacuefrom theritualofringi,animportantaspectofJapanesemanagement.InWesternmanagement,plansareconsideredtobeclearstatementsofgoalsandobjectives.Theyareguidelinesforactionandimplementation.Bycontrast,intheritualoff･ingt',acolectivedecisionmakingprocessinJapan,thepolicydocumentpassesonfrom onemanagertoanother,andatanystage,ifamanagerisindisagreementwiththeproposal,heisatlibertytomodifyitandputitbackintocirculation.AsMorgan20 argues,ringiisuasmuchaprocessforexploringandreafirmingvaluesasitisforsetingdirection."InthemodelofdiseminationIhaveinmind,thetargetaudienceareapartoftheresearchfrom itsearlystagesofinception.Theyareapartoftheteam,partnersin ajointventure,asitwere.Theyhelp formulatetheproblem,sharetheirperceptionshoweverimperfect,andliteralywalktheprojectthroughitsvariousstages.Theneedfordiseminationinthetraditionalsenseofthetermisconsiderablydiminishedoreliminatedwhentheprojectiscompleted.Self-Orgamization andLeamEtZg tOLea川:PreservhgaIldPromotingtheHolograJ)hicCharacterTheoriesoHearningbasedoncyberneticsstrestheimportantdistinctionbetweentwotypesoflearning:theprocesoflearningvs.theprocessoflearningtolearn.Thesearesometimesreferedtoassingle-loopvs.doublelooplearning.Single-looplearnlngmightappeartobesimpleandtoprovidequickandshort-term solutionstoproblems,butinthelongrun,ithas93る