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佐藤栄作 受賞論文集

and Angola are all examples of countries whose governments are run by commandersof the dominant military forces 47 . Yet in some countries, e.g. Somalia, Sudan and Chad,the state-building process is not only falling behind, it is falling apart.Experts point to several critical factors explaining the weakness of state institutionson the African continent. Historically, population density in Africa has been low,causing little incidence of inter-state warfare and little concentration on the definitionof territorial boundaries. In contrast with their European counterparts, African rulershence did not need to create large military structures in order to survive, whichin turn precluded the establishment of effective state institutions 48 . Second, whenEuropean powers colonized most of the African continent they were not forced todevelop any serious state capacity either as the‘scramble for Africa’proceededquite peacefully. In fact, it was the weakness of indigenous institutions that allowedthe colonizers to succeed in the first place 49 . In those colonies where governmentalinstitutions were established to a certain degree, typically in the so-called“settlercolonies”(Zimbabwe, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique and Namibia), most of the workwas reversed after independence 50 . Third, namely, when independence was gained,the emergence of neo-patrimonialist regimes prevented the development of strongstate institutions.After independence, most African leaders were anxious to obtain personal controlover the state and lead their countries toward modernization. Yet during the colonialperiod, Africans had had to subject themselves formally to‘a new and differentauthority which drew its legitimacy from overseas capitals’51 . Consequently, the originof the state was exogenous as opposed to having evolved out of the relationships of65047 Bates et al.“Institutions and Development”. Center for International Development, Harvard University, WorkingPaperNo.107,2004,p.32.48 Fosu et al.“Institutions, Governance and Economic Development in Africa: An Overview”. Journal of AfricanEconomicsVol.15,2006,p.7.49 Hyden, G.“Institutions, Power and Policy Outcomes in Africa”. The Africa Power and Politics Programme [APPP],DiscussionPaperNo.2,2008,p.9.50 Robinson, J.A. and Parsons, Q.N.“State Formation and Governance in Botswana”. Journal of African Economies,Vol.15,2006,p.103.51 Hyden, G.“Institutions, Power and Policy Outcomes in Africa”. The Africa Power and Politics Programme [APPP],Discussion Paper No.2, 2008, p.9.