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佐藤栄作 受賞論文集

add much social value 35 . Kings were warriors, and the road to establishing stateauthority was characterized by nothing short of structural violence. In other partsof the world, violence also played a major role in creating states 36 37 . In the 19 thcentury, a group of young Japanese samurai from Choshu and Satsuma toppled theTokugawa shogunate and ushered in the Meiji period, a time of rapid modernizationand Westernization which transformed Japan from a feudal into a modern state 38 . InChina after the communist revolution and in the United States after independencefrom Britain, powerful military elites led the country 39 . As Namier notes,“states arenot created or destroyed, and frontiers redrawn or obliterated, by arguments andmajority votes; nations are freed, united, or broken by blood and iron, and not by agenerous application of liberty”40 . Once physical authority was established, however,the state’s long-term survival required a stable internal supply of resources, which inturn required a certain degree of legitimacy.At first, as Weber states, all European state institutions were patrimonial 41 .Patrimonialism refers to“a form of political domination in which authority rests on thepersonal and bureaucratic power exercised by a royal household, where that poweris formally arbitrary and under the direct control of the ruler”. Political and economicrights were merged, as political power implied control over all resources 42 .Eventually, however, patrimonialism gave way to rational-legal states in Europe.To survive in the midst of fierce inter-state competition, European powers had tocreate efficient standing armies and adopt innovative military technology. In order toextract sufficient financial resources to fund these efforts, states had to develop fiscal64835 Hyden, G.“Institutions, Power and Policy Outcomes in Africa”. The Africa Power and Politics Programme [APPP],DiscussionPaperNo.2,2008,p.6.36 Bates et al.“Institutions and Development”. Center for International Development, Harvard University, WorkingPaperNo.107,2004,p.24.37 Schwartz, H.M. States versus Markets: The Emergence of a Global Economy. New York: Palgrave MacMillan 2000,p.21.38MicrosoftEncartaOnlineEncyclopedia.“MejiRestoration”.2009.39 Bates et al.“Institutions and Development”. Center for International Development, Harvard University, WorkingPaperNo.107,2004,p.24.40 Schwarz, B.“The Diversity Myth: America’s Leading Export”. The Atlantic Monthly, May 1995, p.60.41 Weber, M. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. New York: The Free Press, 1947.42 Hahn, D.R.“Political Liberalization, Social Pacts, and Rural Politics in Brazil”. John Carroll University, 1995.