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佐藤栄作 受賞論文集

第23回優秀賞parents in third world nations, couples in relatively wealthy nations need not worryabout gaining financial support by a number of children. In relation to this, differencesin economic system between first and third world nations are another key factor.While much of business in the former may be secondary or tertiary manufacturing,the latter may by comparison depend on primary industry, which necessitates agreater figure of working hands per household. Thirdly, high survival expectancy ofchildren as a result of comparatively well provided health care, sanitary conditions,advancement of medical technology and others also lessens the need for prolificacy.Education also endows one with the knowledge of efficiency of high investment on asmaller number of children, also leading to preference of small-scale family. Ironically,the desire to provide the children with ample investment may in some cases turninto a financial burden for the parents, also enhancing population decline. Fourthly,changes in peoples’perspective on gender role may be another key factor. Despitein many cases the relation between women’s roles in a society and birth rate are notmade clear, quite a few researchers point out that the greater the equality betweencouples and the amount of women’s activity outside of household, the lower the birthrate (Ato and Hayase, 2002:104).The result of population decline on the macro level seems to be disastrous. Itwill cause aging of population, necessitating the need to reform and strengthen socialsecurity services ranging from care service for the elder, medical insurance systemto national pension system. In Japan, according to national statistics the populationof senior citizen, or those over 65 years of age, has reached as high as 25.6 million in2006, amounting to 20.04% of the total population and renewing the record. By 2015,one in every four is predicted to become over 65 years of age, which will turn Japaninto the most aged community in the world (Yamaguchi 2001:266). Due to these factors519