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佐藤栄作 受賞論文集

its charter, including economic embargo. We could use this method both in conflictsamong states and in internal conflicts. Although the economic sanctions in the GulfCrisis revealed that the sanctions hit the very people we want to save, the womenand children and the oppressed, we should first apply all kind of non military sanctionsavailable. Once again, we should always keep in mind that solving internationalconflicts peacefully is the ultimate goal of the UN. Only when we fail in this method,should we think of military intervention as the last method of collective security. Butthis collective security is hard to work.Collective security is based on the assumption that international peace is indivisibleand therefore an attack on one is an attack on all. There are important qualifications:first, there is clear-cut aggression, second, there is no veto, and third, member statesprovide the resources. 8It is often difficult to decide who the aggressor is, especiallywhen both sides claim self-defense, which is permitted in the UN charter. Theseelements have made collective security hard to work. The impasse over collectivesecurity gave rise to preventive diplomacy. Instead of identifying and punishing theaggressor, UN forces keep the sides apart. Preventive diplomacy and peacekeepingwas an important innovation that still plays a significant role when collective securitydoes not work. As a matter of fact, true collective security (military intervention)was applied only once in history in the Gulf War while peace keeping and preventivediplomacy developed by Dag Hammarskjold, have been often used.To be realistic, what we need now is more than a peace-keeping operation,(namely, peace enforcement). In the present internal conflicts, where there is no rulefor fighting and genocide-like acts are taking place, it is unrealistic to put militaryrestrictions only on UN forces. (In PKO, there are several restrictions on UN sides.)In Former Yugoslavia, UN forces could not fulfill its goals partly because of the468 Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Understanding International Conflicts: An Introduction to Theory and History, 2 nd ed.,(NewYork: Longman, 1997),147.