ブックタイトル佐藤栄作　受賞論文集

概要

佐藤栄作　受賞論文集

第29回奨励賞strengths and aspirations. It means creating political, social, environmental,economic, military and cultural systems that together give people the buildingblocks of survival, livelihood and dignity.”6As it can be inferred from the definition the extension of protection fromimminent to long- term threats lies in the core of the concept. Not only becauseunfavourable human conditions are likely to result in violence, but perhaps moreimportantly because people living among such conditions are not secure. One’s lifecan be threatened by violence, but also by poverty, hunger, diseases, lack of sanity,industrial pollution or several other hazards which must be addressed.Newman points out two important aspects of the concept: positive freedomand normativity. 7Human security attributes economic rights to people by callingfor the elimination of poverty, for the right to work or for the right to a cleanenvironment. By doing so human security extends the state’s or the internationalcommunity’s responsibility from negative to positive obligations. In other words,it does not only require governments to refrain from harming people, but obligesthem to provide people certain conditions. While it usually does not require mucheconomic commitment from a government to refrain from doing something, a statemight lack resources to grant economic rights. Put it another way, a state can be heldaccountable for torturing its people, but could hardly be for not providinguniversal health care. However, when considering the international community ratherthan states, the distinction between positive and negative obligations is not primarilyfinancial. Committing troops and equipment to launch a humanitarian interventionmight be more costly than development programmes. Thus when it comes to the6 (Human Security Final Report, 2003)7 (Newman, 2010)1063