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佐藤栄作論文集9~16

our conviction that there is intimate connection between the way such conflicts arediagnosed and prognosticated as well as the cure, whatever such cure may be. Ourperspective on what underlies communal conflicts also shapes our general view ofwhat role the UN can and should play.Dynamics of ethnic conflictsThe question as to what causes ethnic conflict is too vast to be attempted in a shortessay such as this. It should nevertheless be noted that there are a variety of ways inwhich it can be approached. And a plethora of theories do exist that could be utilizedto this end. Generally, on a higher level of abstraction there is a broad consensusamong analysts that ethnic conflict is a function of how a state is constituted. 5 In thefollowing pages we propose to advance a mid-level theory of ethnic conflict which isat once parsimonious and plausible.Even though ethnic conflicts emerge under a variety of circumstances and takevarious forms 6 , their ultimate source in a contemporary(modem)society is reducibleto the twin crises of citizenship and legitimacy. When the twin crises reach an acutelevel, they lead to the disintegration of the institution of state. Before advancingfurther, the major building blocs of the generalization ought to be defined. A citizen isa member of a political community, entitled to whatever prerogatives and encumberedwith whatever responsibilities are attached to membership. 7As citizenship is alsoa legal expression of a membership in a community, its real meaning has varieddepending on the community and the historical period. Therefore, the question whicharises is whether we can refer in the same way and across societies to the notion ofcitizenship as the bond that binds individuals into political community. We answer in8545 U. Ra’anan,“Nation and State: Order out of Chaos,”in U. Ra’anan et al(eds.)State and Nation in Multi-EthnicSocieties. The Breakup of Multinational States(Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991), p. 4;B. Anderson, Imagined Communities(London: Verso, 1995), p. 6.6 For an elaborate discussion of the subject, see S. R. David,“Internal War: Causes and Cures,”World Politics, Vol. 49(No. 4), 1997; D. Jacquin-Berdal,“Ethnic Wars and International Intervention,”Millennium: Journal of InternationalStudies, Vol. 27(No. 1), 1998; R. R. Primdas and A. B. Anderson(eds.)Secessionist Movements in ComparativePerspective(London: Pinter, 1990).7 The definition is from M. Walzer,“Citizenship,”in T. Ball eta!(eds.)Political Innovation and Conceptual Change(NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 10.