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佐藤栄作論文集9~16

第15回優秀賞significant example of a worldwide response to the victims, potential and actual, ofeconomic globalization. 12The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, popularly known as“village bank”or“barefootbank”was informally launched in 1976, and formally established in 1983, by theeconomist Muhammad Yunus. After being educated in the US, Dr. Yunus returnedto Bangladesh, his native country, and keenly recognized the need to provide smallscaleloans (like US$20) to poor, landless people -- particularly women -- who had beenexcluded by the existing banking system. They were without collateral and hence“not creditworthy.”The Grameen Bank specifically geared its small loans to landlesspeasants for self-employed, income-generating projects such as buying bamboofor making stools and chickens for sale at market. Those small investments freedborrowers from being exploited by traders, suppliers, middle-men and loan-sharks.The Bank works as follows:First, approximately five people voluntarily form a group, which receives loansfrom the so-called“bicycle bankers”from branch offices throughout the country. Atfirst only two members of a group are allowed to apply for a loan. Depending on theirrepayment performance, the next two members can apply, and eventually, the fifthmember as well.If all five repay their loans promptly, each is guaranteed access to credit for the restof her life. In 1980, the number of borrowers was less than 15,000 but it grew to nearly100,000 by mid-1984. As of August 1998, the bank has approximately 2.4 million membersand more than 1,100 branch offices, covering about 39,000 villages in Bangladesh.The cumulative amount of money disbursed is US$2.5 billion. Ninety-five percent ofits members are women and it boasts a 97% repayment rate, which is comparable tothat of any major commercial bank in a developed nation. Initially, the bank depended12 The following account of the Grameen Bank is drawn from: David Borstein,“The Barefoot Bank With Cheek,”TheAtlantic Monthly, (December 1995); Speech by Muhammad Yunus at the State of the World Forum on October 5, 1996in San Francisco (website: http://www.arq.co.uk/worldforum/yunus.html); Grameen Bank’s home page (website: http://www.grameen.com/grameen/gbank/).681