ブックタイトル佐藤栄作論文集９～１６

概要

佐藤栄作論文集９～１６

for the activities of the Japanese military in the 1930s and 1940s have been mired incontroversy over criticisms of being insincere and insufficient. 10A further exampleconcerns the Gulf War. If Japan had clearly communicated its feelings on the use offorce and its reluctance to be involved it would have won more respect than was thecase by displaying a show of indecision and‘cheque-book’diplomacy.As with Japan’s history, cultural factors are a declining force in the country’sinteraction with the outside world. With Japan’s increasing commitment tointernational policies, strenuous efforts are afoot to forge an alignment - a symbiosis -between social structures and a progressive foreign policy.A rigid and diffuse political structurePerhaps the most tangible factors which cast doubt upon Japan’s ability to fulfil itsnew internationalism concern the distribution of political power within the country.The political complexion has been central to Japan’s momentous economic growthand in adjusting that growth to post-war international economic trends, 11 but it is notreadily conducive to consistent, forthright and creative leadership ideas. The power ofthe bureaucracy, the rivalry between individual ministries, the triangular relationshipbetween the bureaucracy, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party and big business,and factionalism within the LDP, are often criticized for entrenching a conservative,status quo oriented aggregation of special interests. 12 Because power is diffused over53210 For the apology issue, see Norma Field,‘The Stakes of Apology’, Japan Quarterly, October-December 1995;‘WarCommemorated: China calls on Japan to curb militarists’, Japan Times, July 1997; Kitaoka Shinichi,‘The Folly of theFiftieth-Anniversary Resolution’, Japan Echo, vol.22, no.3, 1995.11 See, for example, Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1982;Chalmers Johnson, Japan: Who Governs? The Rise of the Developmental State, New York, W. W. Norton &Company, 1995.12 See, for example, Karel van Wolferen, The Enigma of Japanese Power, Masao Miyamoto, Straitjacket Society;Keneth B. Pyle, The Japanese Question: Power and Purpose in a New Era, Washington DC, The AEI Press, 1992;Frank B. Gibney,‘The Bureaucracy at Bay’, Japan Quarterly, July-September 1996; T. J. Pempel,‘Democracyin Japan’, in Craig C. Garby and Mary Brown Bullock ed., Japan: A New Kind of Superpower?; Paul Kennedy,‘Japan - A Twenty-first Century Power?’, in Craig C. Garby and Mary Brown Bullock ed., Japan: A New Kindof Superpower?; Taichi Sakaiya,‘Escaping the Culture of Bureaucratic Leadership’, Japan Echo, vol.24, no.2, 1997;Eamonn Fingleton,‘Japan’s Invisible Leviathan’, Foreign Affairs, vol.74, no.2, 1995; Matsubara Ryuichiro,‘WhyBureaucrats don’t Serve the Public Interest’, Japan Echo, Autumn 1996; Mikuriya Takahi,‘Anatomy of PoliticalImpasse’, Japan Echo, vol.23, no.2, 1996; and a special issue of Japan Echo, vol.24, 1997,‘The Japanese Bureaucracy -Historical and Cultural Perspectives’.